Susan Nolen Hoeksema4/9/2021
In fact, many of them report more social friction--things like people telling them to buck up and get on with their lives, said Nolen-Hoeksema.Those who ruminated more often became depressed, and stayed depressed in follow-ups through 18 months later, according to the study, published in 1994 in JPSP (Vol.No. 1, pages 92-104).
It found that ruminators develop major depression four times as often as nonruminators: 20 percent versus 5 percent. The results were significant even for ruminators who werent depressed at baseline.). ![]() For example, if a friend is avoiding them, they might say, Well, I guess Ill just avoid them too. Men, by comparison, more often focus on their emotions when theyre angry, rather than sad, she said. However, distracting them by directing them to think about, for example, a plane flying overhead, the layout of their local mall or a fan slowly rotating, does appear to decrease their rumination. Her studies with Sonja Lyubomirsky, PhD, of Stanford University--many of them published in JPSP --have found that distracted ruminators less often recall negative events, such as being dumped by a significant other, than nondistracted ruminators. Distraction also helps mitigate ruminators tendency to focus on problems--and express self-blame and low confidence--when discussing their lives, the research suggests. So helping them to develop multiple sources of gratification and social support can be helpful buffers against stressful events in any one of those domains.
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